When the battery without electricity has the following phenomena, it can be concluded that the battery has been damaged and has no repair value.

　　①長時間補充充電后電解液仍無變化，不冒氣，密度不變，端電壓低，摸蓄電池外殼發熱。

　　(1) The electrolyte remained unchanged after a long period of recharge, no gas escaping, constant density, low terminal voltage, heating by touching the battery shell.

　　②電解液混濁，呈棕色或青色，正極板或負極板零落嚴重。

　　(2) The electrolyte is cloudy, brown or blue, and the positive or negative plates are scattered seriously.

　　③從加液口察看極板，能夠看到極板厚度不均，負極板兩面的隔板收縮，簡直碰到正極板，呈現彎曲。    ④原來蓄電池存電缺乏，充電時端電壓快速上升、電解液沸騰、密度不變，待中止充電不久，端電壓又降落。

　　(3) By inspecting the plate from the filling port, we can see that the thickness of the plate is uneven, and the partitions on both sides of the negative plate shrink, almost touching the positive plate, showing bending. (4) The original battery is short of storage power, the terminal voltage rises rapidly, the electrolyte boils, the density remains unchanged, and the terminal voltage falls again soon after the charging is stopped.

　　⑤塑料蓄電池殼四壁向外凸起，主要是極板零落物質擠落在極板間而向外擠脹之故。

　　_The four walls of the plastic battery shell bulge outwards, mainly because the scattered material of the plate squeezes between the plates and expands outwards.

　　蓄電弛常見的毛病有以下幾種：極板硫化；自行放電；極板短路；活性物質零落；極板拱曲；外殼裂損、變形以及封口膠決裂。

　　Common problems of storage relaxation are as follows: plate vulcanization; self-discharge; plate short circuit; active material scattering; plate arch; shell cracking, deformation and sealing rubber cracking.

　　懸架可分為非獨立懸架、獨立懸架和多橋汽車的均衡懸架。

　　Suspension can be divided into independent suspension, independent suspension and balanced suspension of multi-bridge vehicle.

　　非獨立懸架在構造上的特性是兩側車輪由一根整體式車橋（軸）相連，車輪連車橋一同經過彈性懸架掛接在車架的下面。

　　The structural characteristics of the non-independent suspension are that the wheels on both sides are connected by an integral axle (axle), and the wheels and bridges are connected together under the frame through an elastic suspension.

　　采用獨立懸掛時，車橋（軸）都做成斷開式的，即分為兩段。當一邊車輪發作跳動時，    另一邊的車輪不受影響。顯然，獨立懸架在工作時汽車要平穩得多，但由于構造復雜，除某些小客車外，多數載貨汽車依然采用非獨立懸架。多軸汽車的全部車輪假如都是單獨地剛性懸掛在車架上，則在不平道路上行駛時將不能保證一切車輪同時接觸空中。如全部車輪采用獨立懸架，將使汽車構造變得很復雜。將兩個車橋（如三軸汽車的中橋和后橋）裝在均衡桿的兩端，均衡桿中部與車架作鉸鏈式的銜接。這樣一個車架抬高將使另一車架降落，而且，由于均衡桿兩臂等長，則兩個車架上的垂直載荷在任何狀況下都相等，處理了在不平道路上行駛不能保證一切車輪同時接觸空中的問題。

　　When independent suspension is adopted, the axle (axle) is made of disconnected type, which is divided into two sections. Wheels on one side are unaffected when they bounce. Obviously, the independent suspension is much smoother when the vehicle works, but due to the complex structure, most trucks except some buses still use the independent suspension. If all the wheels of a multi-axle vehicle are rigidly suspended separately on the frame, they will not be able to ensure that all the wheels touch the air at the same time when driving on uneven roads. If all the wheels are suspended independently, the structure of the car will become very complicated. Two axles (such as the middle axle and the rear axle of a three-axle vehicle) are installed at both ends of the equalizer bar, and the middle of the equalizer bar is hinged with the frame. Such an elevation of the frame will cause another frame to land. Moreover, due to the equal arm length of the equalizing rod, the vertical loads on the two frames are equal in any case, which can solve the problem that driving on uneven roads can not guarantee that all the wheels touch the air at the same time.